b'DECISION-MAKING MEANDERS 5.Validationbias:similarly,peopletendtoseekoutandinterpret informationinwaysthatconfirmwhattheyalreadybelieve. Validation bias causes people to ignore or invalidate information that conflicts with their beliefs.This trend seems more prevalent than ever, as many people get theirnewsfromsocialmedia,whichfollowsandsearchesforlikes,whichprovidesinformationbasedonyourapparent preferences.6.Overestimation bias: a cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledgeorskillinagivenintellectualorsocialareagrossly overestimate their own knowledge or skill in that area relative to objective criteria or the performance of their peers or people in general.7.False, consensus effect: just as people sometimes overestimate their own skills, they also overestimate the degree to which others agree with their judgments and approve of their behaviors. People tend to think of their own beliefs and actions as familiar, while the behaviors of others are more deviant or unusual. Aninterestingnote:falsebeliefsbasedonconsensusare appearing in many cultures around the world.8.Functionalfixity:thisisatypeofcognitivebiasthatinvolvesa tendencytoviewobjectsorpeopleasonlyfunctioningina particular way.When you see a hammer, you probably think of it as a tool for hammeringnailheads.Thisfunctioniswhathammerswere designedfor,sothebraineffectivelyaffixesthefunctiontothe word or image of a hammer.Butfunctionalfixitydoesnotonlyapply,totools.Peoplecan developasortoffunctionalfixitywithotherhumanbeings, especially in work environments. For example, Hannah = IT and Alex = Marketing.The problem with functional fixity is that it can strictly limit creativity and problem solving. In many cases, functional fixity can prevent people from seeing the full range of uses for an object and theGermain Decelles275'